1906 William Reed's book "Phantom of the poles" (extensive bibliography representing the reports of Arctic explorers) "higher temperatures in the region of the Poles is due to burning volcanoes at the polar openings, which are the origin of the dust that Arctic explorers noticed there.(pp.95-96, Bernard). 1920 Marshall B. Gardner "A Journey to the Earth's Interior or have the Poles Really Been Discovered?" (20 years of research, based on the reports of Arctic explorers, supplemented by astronomical evidence. [Bernard, p.119]). ("With 50 books, chiefly on Arctic exploration, in his bibliography, he was most thorough in his research."[p.121, Bernard]) Gardner's great contribution is the theory of a central sun, which is the source of the higher temperature in the region of the polar orifice and the aurora borealis, which Reed attributes to volcanic eruptions. (Bernard, p.119). Gardner also claims, and in his book presents astronomical evidence to prove, that not only the earth, but all planets of the solar system, have hollow interiors and central suns, which he traces to their original formation from a whirling nebula. As a result of centrifugal force, their rotation during their early formation when yet molten caused their heavier constituents to be throw toward the outside, forming a solid crust on the outer surface of each planet and leaving the interior hollow, while a portion of the original fire remained in the center to form the central sun. (Bernard, pp.119-120). "Gardner points out that birds and animals migrate to the north in winter to find warmer weather. He also notes that when explorers go north of 80 degrees north latitude, they find the water to become warmer due to warm currents coming from the polar region, and the air becomes warmer due to warm winds from the north. They cause the open sea, in place of ice, in the extreme north. They also find re pollen on icebergs and glaciers, and find logs and other debris washed ashore by those warm currents from the north." (p.121, Bernard) (Quotes from Bernard p.122 et seq.)Evidence summary: "How do scientists explain the fact that when we go north it becomes colder up to a certain point and then begins to get warm? How do they explain the further fact that the source of this warmth is not any influence from the south but a series of currents of warm water and of warm winds from the north - supposed to be a land of solid ice? Where can these currents come from? How could they come from anything else but an open sea? And why should there be a warm open sea at the very place where scientists expect to find eternal ice? Where could this warm water possibly come from? "Why also should explorers find the inhospitable ice cliffs of the far north covered in large area with the red pollen of an unknown plant? And why should they find the seeds of tropical plant floating in these waters - when they are not found in more southern waters? How should logs and branches of trees, sometimes with fresh buds on them be found in thee waters, all being borne down by the warm currents from the north? "Why should the northern parts of Greenland be the world's greatest habitat of the mosquito, an insect which is only found in warm countries? How could it have gotten to Greenland if it came from the south? Where do all the foxes and hares go which are seen traveling north in Greenland? Where did the bears go? Was it possible that such large creatures as bears could find sustenance on plains of eternal ice? "How do scientists explain the fact that practically every competent explorer from the earlier days down to Nansen has admitted that when he got to the Far North his theories of what he should find failed to work and his methods of finding his positions also failed to work? How do scientists explain these passages from Nansen which we have quoted, showing that he was absolutely lost in the Arctic region? (In 'Captain Hall's Last Trip cont'd) "How do scientists explain the migration of those birds which appear in England, and other northern countries one part of the year, in the tropics in another part of the year, but disappear entirely in the winter? How do they explain the fact that neither Peary nor Cook was able to prove the claim of reaching the north pole? Even supposing both men to have acted in good faith is it not obvious that both were lost? How else explain the discrepancies in Peary's own narrative?[end p.123 Bernard] "Gardner writes: "That the musk-ox is not the only animal to be found where we should hardly expect it, is evident from a note in Hayes' diary. When he was in latitude 78 degrees, 17 minutes, early in July, he said: 'I secured a yellow-winged butterfly, and - who would believe it - a mosquito. And also ten moths, three spiders, two bees and two flies." Greely, in his book "Three Years of Arctic Service," describing his observations in th Arctic, begun in 1881. In the preface to his book, Greely tells us that the wonders of the Arctic regions are so great that he was forced to modify his actual notes made at the time, and understated them rather than lay himself open to suspicion of exaggerating. That the Arctic regions are so full of life and strange evidence of life farther north, that an explorer cannot describe it without being accused of exaggerating is surely a very strange thing if these regions only lead to a barren land of everlasting ice, as according to older geographical theories. (p.126, Bernard) Greely reports birds of an unknown species, butterflies, flies and temperatures of 47 to 50 degrees, also plenty of willow to make fires, and much fresh driftwood. He found two flowers different from any that he had ever seen.. (p.126, Bernard) "As explorers go north of about 80 degrees north latitude, they find that the water, instead of becoming colder in the same ratio in which it had been getting colder as they left the temperate zone, gradually begins to gt warm again, and they find that this warmth is brought down from the so-called frozen north in a warm current flowing from the polar regions. Furthermore they find that birds and animals migrate to the north to feed and breed, instead of to the south. In fact, when they get into really high latitudes, explorers find a greater wealth of animal and vegetable life than they do in the lower latitudes of the Arctic and sub-Arctic regions." (pp.126-127 Bernard) "In addition to driftwood found in the extreme north, whose origin, according to Gardner, could only be the earth's interior, there are found trees with green buds in the "Arctic seas. Seeds of unknown tropical species have also been found drifting down in the northern currents, coming from the north, not the south. Among these was the seed of the entada bean, a tropical seed, which was found by a Swedish expedition near Trurengerg Bay.." p.127 "Sverdrup found so many hares around 81 degrees north latitude that one inlet was called Hare Fiord. There was also enough other game to keep the whole exploring party well fed with meat." (Bernard, p.128) "Captain Beechey saw so many birds on the west coast of Spitzbergen that the place reverbrated with their cries from dawn to dark. The little auk were so numerous and so close together that sometimes a single shot killed thirty o them. With sixteen birds to a cubic yard, there were about four millions of them. Rotgers were so numerous as to darken the sky, and their chorus could be heard for four miles. There were also reindeer and ducks. There were four varieties of seagulls over the surrounding ocean, pus fish and amphibious animals, from the huge whale to the minute clio on which it feeds, swallowing perhaps a million with each mouthful.' (p.128 Bernard) Franklin saw large numbers of geese migrating to the unknown north, at a high latitude, indicating land there. He notes that no matter how far north the explorer goes, he always finds the polar bear ahead of him. No matter how far north these bears are met, they are always on their way north. At latitude 82, Kane found butterflies, bees and flies, as well as wolves, foxed, geese, duck, water-fowls and partridges. A strange fact all explorers observe is that animals do not migrate south to escape the cold Arctic winter, but instead go north. Commander McClure explored Banks Land and found immense quantities of trees thrown in layers by glacious action, which evidently brought them from th north. In one ravine he found a pile of trees closely packed, to a height of forty feet. While some wood was petrified, much of it was of recent origin. These trees were found far beyond the latitude where trees grow. Nansen was puzzled by this driftwood which is continually found along the Greenland coast. He said that as far north as latitude 86 degrees he found such driftwood. (p.129 Bernard). Speaking of Nansen, who reached further north than any other explorer, Ottmar Kaub comments: "Marshall b. Gardner was right when he wrote his book in 1920. On August 3, 1894, Dr. Fridtjof Nansen was the first man in history to reach the interior of the earth. Dr Nansen got lost and admitted it. He was surprised at the warm weather there. When he found a fox track he knew he was lost." (p.132, Bernard) ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Central Sun Theory: "Gardner quoted Professor Lowell who notes that on June 7, 1894, he was watching Mars and suddenly saw two points of light flash out from the middle of the polar ap. They were dazzling bright. The lights shone for a few minutes and then disappeared. Green, some years earlier, in 1846, also saw two spots of light at the pole of Mars."(p.143 Bernard) "Lowell tried to expain the lights he saw as reflections of sunlight by polar ice, but Gardner denies this, quoting Professor Pickering who saw a vast area of white form at the pole of Mars within twenty-four hours, visible as a white cap, and then gradually disappear. Also Lowell saw a band of dark blue, which he took to be water from the melting ice or snow cap. Gardner believes that the so-called Martian ice cap was really fog and clouds, which also could appear and disappear so rapidly." (p.143, Bernard) "WHy does the hot planet Venus have polar caps like those of Mars if the Martian caps are really composed either of ice, snow or frozen carbon dioxide? Also, why do the polar caps of Venus and Mercury not wax and wane as those of Mars are said to do? And why are the polar caps of Mars seen to throw a mass of light many miles above the surface of the planet when they are seen in a side view if they are really of ice? How could they be so luminous in the first place - more luminous that snow is when seen under similar circumstances? And how could Lowell see direct gleams of light from the caps if there were not beams from a direct source? Furthermore, how do scientists account for the fact, notices also by Professor Lowell, whose observations o Mars all seem to support our theory, that when the planet is viewed through a telescope at night, that its polar light is yellow and not white, as the light from snow caps would be? (Bernard, pp.144-145) Mitchell saw two bright flashes of light at the polar cap of Mars which gradually came together. (clouds?) An English astronomer, W.E. Dening, writing in the scientific periodical, "Nature," concerning his observation in 1886, wrote: "Durig the past few months the north polar cap of Mars has been very bright, sometimes offering a startling contrast to those regions of the surface more feebly reflective. These luminous regions of Mars require at least as much careful investigation as the darker parts. In many previous drawings and descriptions of mars, sufficient weight has not been accorded to these white spots." (p.145, Bernard) The English astronomer, J. Norman Lockyer, in 1892, wrote about Mars: "The snow zone was at times so bright that, like the crescent of the youg moon, it appeared to project beyond the planet. This effect of irradiation was frequently visible. On one occasion the snow spot was observed to shine like a nebulous star when the planet itself was obscured by clouds, a phenomenon noticed by Beer and Madler, and recorded in their work, "Fragment Sur les Corps Celestes.' On Venus the extensive water vapor tends to equalize the temperature, so that its polar caps are not composed of ice and snow, as supposed in the case of Mars, but which Gardner doubts. Speaing of the polar caps of Venus, Macpherson, in his "Romance of Modern Astronomy," says: "Polar caps have been observed, supposed by some to be similar to those on our own planet and Mars. Some astronomers, however do not regard them as snow." The French astronomer Trouvelet, in 1878, observed at the pole of Venus a confused mass of luminous points, which Gardner attributes to light from the central sun struggling through the clouds. Since the polar cap is not made of ice, these lights cannot be a reflection of the sun. He believes this is the same case with Mars.' (Bernard, p.148) Richard Proctor, one of the best know astronomers of the nineteenth century, wrote: "One phenomenon of Mercury, if real, might fairly be regarded as indicating Vulcan energies compared with those of our own earth would be as the puny forces of a child compared with the energies of a giant. It has been supposed that a certain bright spot seen in the black disc of Mercury when the planet is in transit indicates some source of illumination either of the surface of the planet or in its atmosphere. (p. 148 Bernard) Gardner claims that the fiery nucleus of the comet was once the central sun of the planet from which it was formed after it broke into fragments. (p.150 Bernard) Gardner concluded that the aurora borealis is due to the central sun shining through the polar orifice on the night sky; and the variations in the streamers of light are due to passing clouds in the interior, which in their movements, cut off the light of the central sun and cause the reflection on the sky to keep changing. That the aurora is not due to magnetism or electrical discharges is proven by many observations of Arctic explorers showing there is no disturbance of the compass or crackling sounds that accompany electrical discharges, when the aurora is most intense. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- Cook and Peary both claimed to have reached the North Pole by sled. Impossible = open sea. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- From Reed (chapter 2 of Bernard): 1) Arctic explorers say that a north wind in winter raises the temperature, while a south wind lowers it (Bernard, p.96) 2) Red, green and yellow snow in the arctic region from pollen 30 ice filled with rock, gravel, and sand from exploding volcanos 4) "Arctic explorers who very quickly passed fro the region of sunshine into the region of long nights, or the opposite." (Bernard, p.103) "must be explained that they entered into the opening at the North Pole" Greely's description of entering the North Pole (Bernard, p.104) Arctic explorers that traveled by land "were turned back by open water, and many instances are cited where they came near being carried out to sea and lost."p106 "The Arctic Ocean is an open body of water, abounding with game of all kinds, and the farther one advances, the warmer it will be found." (Bernard, p.106) "there are many cases of clouds of dust and smoke. Many fogs are reported in winter time. If the earth were solid, and the ocean extended to the Pole, or connected with land surrounding the Pole, there could be nothing to produce that fog. It is caused by the warm air coming from the interior of the earth. (Bernard, pp.106-107) Kane (an Arctic explorer) writes: 'Some circumstances which he (McGary) reports seem to point to the existence of a north water all the year round; and the frequent water-skies, fogs, etc., that we have seen to the southwest during the winter, go to confimr the fact.'" p 107 Greely speaks of open water the year round. (Bernard, p.107) "Nansen, who probably went farther north than any other explorer, remarks in his book that it was a strange feeling to be sailing in the dark night to unknown lands, over an open rolling sea, where no ship had ever been before, and remarks how mild the climate was for September. The farther north he went, the less and less ice he saw." (Bernard, p.107) "it can be shown by quoting those who made the farthest advance toward the supposed Poles, that it is warmer, that vegetation shows more life, that game is more plentiful than farther south," (Bernard, p.108) "In 'Captain Hall's Last Trip,' we read: 'We find this a much warmer country than we expected, bare of snow and ice. We have found that the country abounds with life, and with seals, game, geese, ducks, musk-cattle, rabbits, wolves, foxes, bears, partridges, lemmings, etc.'" (p.108 Bernard) (In 'Captain Hall's Last Trip cont'd) "Nansen draws special attention to the warmth and says, 'We must almost imagine ourselves at home.' This was at one of the farthest points north reached by anyone, and yet the weather was mild and pleasant." (Bernard, p.108). (In 'Captain Hall's Last Trip cont'd)"The mutton-birds of Australia leave that continent in September, and no one has ever been able to find out where they go. My theory is that they pass into the interior of the earth via the South Pole." Reed points out that many animal inhabiting the far north, as the musk-ox, go north in winter in order to reach a warmer climate. He remarks: "Since it becomes warmer as they go north, instinct tells them not to go south in winter. And if they do not go south, they must go into the interior of the earth." (p.109 Bernard) Reed (1906) continues: "WHAT PRODUCES COLORED SNOW IN THE ARCTIC? Why is the snow colored in the Arctic regions? The snow has been analyzed and the rEd, green and yellow have been found to contain vegetable matter, presumably a flower, or the pollen of a plant. From where did it come? A flower that produced pollen sufficient to permeate the air with such density that it colored the snow, which require a vast territory - millions of acres- to grow it. Where is that to be found? It must be near the North Pole, for, if it grew elsewhere, colored snow would be found at other locations, and not be confined to Arctic regions. As no such flowering plnt is known on the earth's surface, we must look elsewhere." p.110 Bernard - quoting Reed Kane, in his first volume, p.44, says: 'We passed the Crimson Cliffs at Sir John Ross in the forenoon of August 5th. The patches of red snow could be seen clearly at the distance of ten miles from the coast. It had a fine deep rose hue.' p111 Bernard quoting Reed, quoting Kane. ----------------------------------------------------------------------- [-Research to do: 1) mosquitos in N. Greenland = do they need humans to propogate? 2) mammoths were frozen solid suddenly (chewing their cud), not like dropped in water, or suffocated.] Do the book's descriptions qualify?